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The Romans built a large number of aqueducts to transport water from far-off sources into their towns and cities, supplying fountains, public baths, latrines, and private residences. The communities were kept clean and free of effluent by removing waste water through intricate sewage systems and releasing it into adjacent bodies of water. Water for farms, gardens, milling, and mining operations was also supplied via aqueducts. Aqueducts were made of stone, brick, or concrete tubes that were built at a slight downward grade to transport water only by gravity. The majority were buried beneath the earth and followed its natural curves; peaks that provided obstacles were either avoided or, less frequently, tunneled through. When lowlands or valleys were present, the conduit was supported by bridgework or its contents were siphoned over using high-pressure lead, ceramic, or stone pipes. To control the supply as needed, sedimentation tanks, sluices, and distribution tanks were a common feature of aqueduct systems. In the fourth century BC, the Aqua Appia, the first aqueduct in ancient Rome, provided water for a fountain located in the livestock market of the city. With eleven aqueducts by the third century AD, the city supported an opulent water economy and a population of over a million people. The majority of the water was used in the numerous public baths of the city. Following this example, towns and cities all around the Roman Empire invested in aqueducts as civic pride projects and areas of public interest. The majority of Roman aqueducts proved to be dependable and strong; some were preserved until the early modern age, and a handful are still partially operational. The aqueduct-fed cisterns of Constantinople and the supporting piers of the Segovia Aqueduct are two notable examples of aqueduct architecture. #History #Architecture

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