Located in Rome, Campus Martius of Italy, next to the Theatre of Marcellus

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Located in Rome, Campus Martius of Italy, next to the Theatre of Marcellus and the Porticus Octaviae, is the Temple of Apollo Sosianus, a Roman temple devoted to Apollo. Gaius Sosius, the last person to reconstruct it, is credited with giving it its current name. The location next to the theater is closely associated with the Apollinar and its offspring. All of these point to the location of the temple that is currently recognized: it is on the street that leads through the porta Carmentalis to the campus Martius, somewhat south of the current Piazza Campitelli, and just north of the theater and east of the porticus Octaviae. The three fully intact columns of the temple date back to the Augustan rebuilding, but the cult of Apollo was practiced in the region at least as early as the middle of the fifth century BC, when the site of an altar or holy grove known as an Apollinar was discovered. Apollo was a foreign cult, and as such, it was legally required to be situated outside the pomerium. As a result, extra-pomerial senate meetings were regularly held there. Prior to Augustus dedicating another temple on the Palatine Hill, this was likewise lone temple of Apollo in Rome. The first temple was constructed in 431 BC by consul Gaius Iulius Mento, who did it as a way to honor Apollo Medicus for keeping a vow he had made to him during the 433 BC plague. The censor Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and his associate awarded the contract to construct a porticus behind the temple of Spes, connecting the temple to the Tiber, around 353 BC, maybe as early as 179 BC. One of the other ambitions of the censor was a theater in the vicinity. There are no other temples dedicated to Apollo, therefore the three days that the cult-statue of the god cried, which was mentioned among the prodigies at the death of Younger Scipio, could only have happened here. A nearby temple honoring Diana, the sister of Apollo, was most likely constructed in the late Republic after the precinct of the Apollo temple was destroyed during construction on Marcellus-theater. Gaius Sosius started a comprehensive rebuilding shortly after his victory in 34 BC. The civil conflict between Octavian and Antony soon stopped these construction projects, and they did not pick up again until several years later after Augustus made amends with Sosius. As a result, it was ultimately dedicated to the name of the princeps, with September 23 serving as the dedication day during the Augustan period. The frontal stairway of the temple was destroyed and two staircases on the sides of the pronaos were built in its place shortly after Marcellus-theater was built. Following the Augustan periods, there are only a few minor restorations known, possibly by Anicius Acilius Fortunatus Glabrio in the 420s and by the urban prefect Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus between 356 and 359. When the Christian Emperors banned all forms of non-Christian worship and sanctuaries during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, the temple would have been shut down. Up until the 1930s, medieval homes were located on the temple-remains. These were destroyed between 1926 and 1932 to make room for Marcellus-theater to be viewed separately. The ruins of the platform were excavated in 1937 and 1938 as a result of those same activities recovering the colonnade-remnants inside the arches of the theater, where they had fallen. The fallen columns were raised on this platform in 1940, albeit most likely not in their original places. #History #Architecture

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