The Oxus Civilization, also known as the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, is the contemporary archaeological classification for a specific Middle Bronze Age civilization located in southern Central Asia. Although some date the urban phase of the civilization, known as the Integration Era, to between 2400 and 1950 BC, others place the era between 2250 and 1700 BC. The majority of the urban sites of BMAC are actually found in Margiana, contemporary Turkmenistan, on the Murghab river delta, and in the Kopet Dagh mountain range, despite the civilization being known as the Oxus civilization and appearing to be centered on the upper Amu Darya or Oxus River in Bactria. A few later sites from between 1950–1450 BC can be found in northern Bactria, which is now southern Uzbekistan; however, the majority of these sites are tombs associated with the Sapalli civilization, which is related to the BMAC. In what is now northern Afghanistan, in southern Bactria, there is a solitary BMAC site called Dashli. Even though they are modern with the primary BMAC sites in Margiana, the sites located farther east in southwestern Tajikistan are merely cemeteries with no connected urban development. At Jeitun, there is archeological proof of Neolithic settlement in the well-watered northern foothills of Kopet Dag. Mud brick homes were initially inhabited in this area between around 7200 and 4600 BC, during the Early Food-Producing Era, commonly referred to as the Jeitun Neolithic. The people living there were farmers from southwest Asia, who raised wheat and barley together with herds of goats and sheep. The crops that are usually associated with irrigation in dry environments—like hexaploid bread wheat, which became prominent during the Chalcolithic period—were grown by farmers at the late Neolithic site of Chagylly Depe more and more. The Regionalization Era commences in Anau IA, following a pre-Chalcolithic phase in the Kopet Dag piedmont region between 4600 and 4000 BC. The Chalcolithic period then unfolds in Namazga I–III, Ilgynly Depe, and Altyn Depe between 4000 and 2800 BC. The Namazga III phase, in Altyn Depe in the Kopet Dag region, spanned approximately 3200–2800 BC and demonstrated a late Chalcolithic society at the start of the Late Regionalization Era. The Kopet Dag oases in the Altyn-Depe site established a proto-urban community during the Early Bronze Age, which occurred between 2800 and 2400 BC, toward the conclusion of the Late Regionalization Era. The Kopet Dag piedmont, Margiana, and southern Bactria were the three primary areas where urban development peaked during the Middle Bronze Age, sometimes referred to as the Integration Era. Some cemetery ruins have also recently been discovered in southwest Tajikistan. The Kopet Dag piedmont, Margiana, and southern Bactria were the three primary areas where urban development peaked during the Middle Bronze Age, sometimes referred to as the Integration Era. Some cemetery ruins have also recently been discovered in southwest Tajikistan. The sedentary people that lived in the BMAC farmed wheat and barley under irrigation. The complex displays many of the characteristics of civilization, including colossal architecture, bronze tools, ceramics, and jewelry made of semiprecious stones. The complex bears similarities to the proto-urban towns of Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley, Harappa and Mundigak in western Afghanistan located in the Helmand basin, and Shahr-e Sukhteh in eastern Iran. The earliest evidence of wheeled transport in Central Asia is represented by models of two-wheeled carts discovered at Altyn-Depe in approximately 3000 BC, however model wheels may have originated from contexts that date somewhat older. Based on the kind of harness, carts were originally drawn by bulls or oxen. But inside the BMAC, camels were domesticated. At Altyn-Depe, a model of a camel-drawn cart from approximately 2200 BC was discovered. The Bronze Age agrarian civilization is reflected in the fertility goddesses known as Bactrian Princesses, crafted from limestone, chlorite, and clay. Additionally, the vast collection of metal objects indicates a highly developed metalworking technique. The members of BMAC culture were expert metalworkers, dealing with copper, silver, gold, and bronze among other metals [Information and Image Credit : Bactria–Margiana_Archaeological_Complex] [Wikipedia-Link : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex ] [Image : As stated in the Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, the extent of the BMAC; Wikipedia-Image-Author : Dbachmann at English Wikipedia] [Image Availed Under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License; (Please Relate to Individual Image URLs for More Usage Property and Sharing, Remixing or Attributing the Work)] [License-Link : https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en ] [Original Wikipedia-Image-Source-Link : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BMAC.png ] #History#Art
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