Eleftheria i Thanatos -- Freedom or Death -- was the slogan of Greek War of

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Eleftheria i Thanatos -- Freedom or Death -- was the slogan of Greek War of Independence and later became the national motto of Greece. The Greek War of Independence, often referred to as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful conflict for independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire from 1821 to 1829. This war resulted in the establishment of modern Greece, which would later expand to its present dimensions. The revolution is celebrated by the Greek diaspora as Independence Day on March 25. In 1826, the Greeks received support from the British Empire, the Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were backed by their vassals, particularly the Eyalet of Egypt. All Greek territories, with the exception of the Ionian Islands, fell under Ottoman control during the fifteenth century, particularly in the years surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. In 1814, a clandestine organization known as the Filiki Eteria, or Society of Friends, was established with the goal of liberating Greece. It intended to initiate uprisings in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities, and Constantinople. The initial revolt commenced on February 21, 1821, in the Danubian Principalities, but was quickly suppressed by the Ottomans. These occurrences prompted Greeks in the Peloponnese to take action and on March 17, 1821, the Maniots were the first to declare war. In September 1821, the Greeks, led by Theodoros Kolokotronis, successfully captured Tripolitsa. Uprisings in Crete, Macedonia, and Central Greece erupted but were ultimately quelled. Greek naval forces achieved victories against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea, effectively preventing Ottoman reinforcements from reaching Greece by sea. Tensions arose among various Greek factions, resulting in two successive civil wars. The Ottoman Sultan summoned Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who consented to dispatch his son, Ibrahim Pasha, to Greece with an army to quell the revolt in exchange for territorial concessions. Ibrahim arrived in the Peloponnese in February 1825, successfully bringing the majority of the peninsula under Egyptian dominion by the year-end. Despite the failure of an Ottoman–Egyptian incursion into Mani, Athens succumbed, leading to a decline in revolutionary spirit. The three major powers—Russia, Britain, and France—resolved to intervene, dispatching their naval forces to Greece in 1827. They annihilated the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet during the Battle of Navarino, significantly altering the momentum in favour of the revolutionaries. In 1828, the Egyptian military retreated due to pressure from a French expeditionary contingent. The Ottoman garrisons in the Peloponnese capitulated, allowing Greek revolutionaries to reclaim central Greece. The Ottoman Empire subsequently declared war on Russia, which enabled the Russian army to advance into the Balkans. This compelled the Ottomans to concede Greek autonomy in the Treaty of Adrianople, along with semi-autonomy for Serbia and the Romanian principalities. Following nine years of conflict, Greece was acknowledged as an independent nation under the London Protocol of February 1830. Additional discussions in 1832 culminated in the London Conference and the Treaty of Constantinople, which established the definitive borders of the new state and appointed Prince Otto of Bavaria as inaugural king of Greece. #History

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