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@Historical Events
31-May-2026 03 am  

Eleftheria i Thanatos -- Freedom or Death -- was the slogan of Greek War of Independence and later became the national motto of Greece. The Greek War of Independence, often referred to as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful conflict for independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire from 1821 to 1829. This war resulted in the establishment of modern Greece, which would later expand to its present dimensions. The revolution is celebrated by the Greek diaspora as Independence Day on March 25. In 1826, the Greeks received support from the British Empire, the Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were backed by their vassals, particularly the Eyalet of Egypt. All Greek territories, with the exception of the Ionian Islands, fell under Ottoman control during the fifteenth century, particularly in the years surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. In 1814, a clandestine organization known as the Filiki Eteria, or Society of Friends, was established with the goal of liberating Greece. It intended to initiate uprisings in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities, and Constantinople. The initial revolt commenced on February 21, 1821, in the Danubian Principalities, but was quickly suppressed by the Ottomans. These occurrences prompted Greeks in the Peloponnese to take action and on March 17, 1821, the Maniots were the first to declare war. In September 1821, the Greeks, led by Theodoros Kolokotronis, successfully captured Tripolitsa. Uprisings in Crete, Macedonia, and Central Greece erupted but were ultimately quelled. Greek naval forces achieved victories against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea, effectively preventing Ottoman reinforcements from reaching Greece by sea. Tensions arose among various Greek factions, resulting in two successive civil wars. The Ottoman Sultan summoned Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who consented to dispatch his son, Ibrahim Pasha, to Greece with an army to quell the revolt in exchange for territorial concessions. Ibrahim arrived in the Peloponnese in February 1825, successfully bringing the majority of the peninsula under Egyptian dominion by the year-end. Despite the failure of an Ottoman–Egyptian incursion into Mani, Athens succumbed, leading to a decline in revolutionary spirit. The three major powers—Russia, Britain, and France—resolved to intervene, dispatching their naval forces to Greece in 1827. They annihilated the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet during the Battle of Navarino, significantly altering the momentum in favour of the revolutionaries. In 1828, the Egyptian military retreated due to pressure from a French expeditionary contingent. The Ottoman garrisons in the Peloponnese capitulated, allowing Greek revolutionaries to reclaim central Greece. The Ottoman Empire subsequently declared war on Russia, which enabled the Russian army to advance into the Balkans. This compelled the Ottomans to concede Greek autonomy in the Treaty of Adrianople, along with semi-autonomy for Serbia and the Romanian principalities. Following nine years of conflict, Greece was acknowledged as an independent nation under the London Protocol of February 1830. Additional discussions in 1832 culminated in the London Conference and the Treaty of Constantinople, which established the definitive borders of the new state and appointed Prince Otto of Bavaria as inaugural king of Greece. #History

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This article also uses an image from the Wikipedia article -- Greek_War_of_Independence -- [Wikipedia-Article-Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence ] [Image: Greek war of independence painting collage, a collection of paintings from publicly available resources and wikicommons. Top left: The camp at Phaliro. Top right: The burning of the Ottoman flagship off Chios. Bottom right: The Battle of Navarino. Bottom left: Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt at the Third Siege of Missolonghi; Wikipedia-Image-Author: SJCAmerican] [Wikipedia-Image-Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek_revolution_collage.jpg ] [Image Availed Under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license] [License-Link: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en ] [You may copy, distribute and transmit the work (image) or share (alike) the work (image), provided that you comply with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license or other compatible license in distribution] [License-Link: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en ] [Please Also Relate to Original Individual Text and Image URLs for More Usage Property and Sharing, Remixing or Attributing the Contents] [Contents on Wikipedia is covered by -- Disclaimer – Wikipedia-Disclaimer-Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer ] [Contents in this Website is also covered by Disclaimer linked at the bottom of the Page] [This website article means no intellectual appropriation by any way and only wishes to contribute in sharing of knowledge]









 

@Mythology, Legends, Folklore and Mysterious Things
14-Feb-2026 06 am  

Dodola and Perperuna are pagan rainmaking traditions prevalent among various groups in Southeast Europe until the 20th century, present in Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, and Serbia. The ceremonial ritual is a mimetic magic rite involving singing and dancing performed by young girls or boys in processions behind a lead performer adorned with fresh branches, leaves, and herbs, aimed at invoking rain, typically conducted during droughts, particularly in summer when drought threatens crops, pastures, and even human survival. One interpretation suggests that the tradition may have Slavic roots linked to the Slavic god Perun, while Perperuna might have been a Slavic rain goddess and the spouse of the ultimate deity Perun. Ancient practices for rainmaking have been prevalent Mediterranean traditions, recorded in the Balkans since the Minoan and Mycenaean eras. Both South Slavs and non-Slavic groups traditionally performed the Perperuna/Dodola ritual during periods of spring and particularly summer droughts, where they honored the god/goddess and payed for rainfall. Currently, older Albanian generations engage in rainmaking rituals as part of their lives, while younger generations typically view them as a practice from the past, a tradition experienced by their parents. Still, elders continue to join processions of boys and girls, performing the rainmaking rite adorned in their finest traditional attire, except for the lead boy or girl, who is completely covered in fresh branches, leaves, and herbs.

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This article also uses an image from the Wikipedia article – Dodola_and_Perperuna – [Wikipedia-Article-Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodola_and_Perperuna ] [Image: Watering of Dodola (1892) by Uroš Predić (1857–1953).] [Wikipedia-Image-Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Watering_of_Dodola%22_by_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87,_published_in_magazine_%22Orao%22_in_1892.jpg ] [The Work (Image) is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. The author died in 1953, so the work itself is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the life of author plus 70 years or fewer. This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published (or registered with the U.S. Copyright Office) before January 1, 1931.][Please Also Relate to Original Individual Text and Image URLs for More Usage Property and Sharing, Remixing or Attributing the Contents]
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@Historical Events
24-Jan-2026 08 am  

The ballista, sometimes known as the ballistae (plural), was a historical missile weapon that fired either bolts or stones at a distant target. It was derived from older Greek weapons, but its mechanics were different, using two levers with torsion springs in place of a tension prod, such as the bow of a contemporary crossbow. The springs were made out of a number of twisted skein loops. Early models used spherical stone projectiles of varying diameters or heavy darts for siege warfare. It evolved into the scorpio, a more compact precision weapon, and maybe the polybolos. Early ballistae in Ancient Greece were created from the oxybeles and gastraphetes, two weapons. A portable crossbow served as the gastraphetes. It was spanned by anchoring the front of the weapon against the ground and pressing the end of a slider mechanism against the stomach. It had a composite prod. A ratchet would stop the weapon from firing while it was being loaded, and the operator would then move forward to arm it. It was stated that this resulted in a weapon that could be operated by a person of average strength but had the ability to be utilized effectively against armoured forces. The oxybeles were a larger, more substantial structure that used a winch and was supported by a tripod. It served as a siege engine and had a slower rate of fire. High-tech Greek inventions started to spread throughout various territories under Roman control after the Greek city-states were absorbed into the Roman Republic in 146 BC. The torsion-powered ballista, which by this time had spread to other cities in the Mediterranean, was adopted by the Romans. All of these cities ended up as Roman spoils of war, including one from Pergamon, which was portrayed beside a collection of trophy weaponry in relief on a balustrade. The Romans improved the torsion ballista even further, especially into much smaller ones that could be transported. The torsion ballista was designed by Alexander and was a far more sophisticated weapon than its predecessor. Iron plates surrounding the frames and iron nails in the stand held the wooden early Roman ballistae together. The top of the main stand had a slider into which the bolts or stone shot were loaded. The bowstring could be ratcheted back to the firing position by using a pair of winches and a claw that were attached to this at the back. The slider moved through the field frames of the weapon, which housed the torsion springs that were wound around the bow arms and connected to the bowstring. The ballista was further developed by the Romans, who made it a highly regarded and valuable weapon for their army. Julius Caesar, for example, thus employed it during his conquest of Gaul and both of his attempts to subdue Britain shortly prior to the establishment of the Empire. #History

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@Historical Events
17-Jan-2026 07 am  

The mother goddess of Anatolia, Cybele, may have had an early Neolithic ancestor in Çatalhöyük. She was likely the national divinity of Phrygia and is the only goddess known to exist there. There is no extant tale or literature that describes the original nature or characteristics of the Phrygian cult of Cybele. She might have developed from a kind of statuary from Anatolia called Çatalhöyük, which dates to the sixth millennium BC and is thought by some to be a mother goddess. It depicts a corpulent, fertile female figure surrounded by big cats. The cult features of the Phrygian mother-goddess, seen in 8th-century BC Phrygian art, include attendant lions, a prey-bird and a little vase for her offerings or libations. Around the sixth century BC, Greek colonists in Asia Minor took up and modified her Phrygian cult, which they then brought to mainland Greece and the farther-flung western Greek colonies. Cybele had a mixed response when she arrived in Greece. She began to adopt characteristics of the harvest-mother goddess Demeter, the Earth-goddess Gaia, and her potential Minoan counterpart Rhea. Her most famous Greek ceremonies and processions portray her as an inherently alien, exotic mystery-goddess who arrives in a lion-drawn chariot to the accompaniment of wild music, wine, and an agitated, ecstatic following. However, some city-states, most notably Athens, invoked her as a protector. She held a eunuch mendicant priesthood, which was unique in Greek religion. Rituals to a divine Phrygian castrate shepherd-consort Attis, who was most likely a Greek fabrication, were part of many of her Greek religions. In Greece, Cybele came to be connected to mountains, city walls, lush surroundings, and untamed animals, particularly lions. Cybele earned the title Magna Mater or Great Mother, in Rome. Once the Sibylline oracle in 205 BC urged her conscription as a crucial religious ally in the second war of Rome against Carthage between 218 and 201 BC, the Roman state adopted and developed a specific form of her cult. Roman mythographers reinterpreted her as a Trojan goddess, and thus an ancestral goddess of the Roman people through the Trojan prince Aeneas. Romanized versions of the cults of Cybele spread throughout empire as Rome eventually consolidated dominance over the Mediterranean region. Greek and Roman writers argued and argued over the morality and significance of her cults and priesthoods, topics that are still contentious in contemporary scholarship.

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@Mythology, Legends, Folklore and Mysterious Things
14-Dec-2025 05 am  

Koliada, also called Koleda, is the word for the Slavic traditional time-period and deriving from pre-Christian times, occurring between Epiphany and Christmas and is associated with the rituals which are part of Slavic Christmas, with pre-Christian cultural elements present. This is celebrated as festivity and holiday and is cherished in Honor of the Sun during Winter Solstice. The Festival is characterized by carols being sung at house by troop of singers who visit the houses of the common folks. The origin of the word according to one conjecture suggests that it is derived from the practice of winter-ritual cycle, that comes from the ancient Roman word – Calendae (First Day of Every Month in Roman Calendar). The current Polish language pronunciation of the word is phonetically nearest to the Old Slavonic pronunciation, as Polish retains the nasal-vowels of the Proto-Slavic language. It is a now more of a festivity of Children and Teenagers who roam from house to house of common folks while singing and showering grains as a gesture of good fortune and receive candies and token money in reciprocation. This activity is called - Kolyadovanye in Russian and - Kolyaduvannya in Ukrainian and similar to ancient East Slavic festivities and other folk holidays like Generous Eve (New Years Eve according to Julian Calendar, 13th January). In current-times, thus the meaning of the word in different Slavic languages like Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovakian, Croatian, Kashubian, Polish as well as within Slavs of Balkan have shifted to rambling, singing, making merry in Christmas-eve than what used to be applied for Christmas itself. The kids who visit in groups to sing carols are called – Koledari - and the songs they sing are called the – Kolyadki. Koliada is also celebrated by the Slavic Speakers of Greek Macedonia in Northern Greece, where it is celebrated by setting up of community gathering in village square and lighting up of bonfires.

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@Heritage Places, Castles & Architecture
01-Dec-2025 03 am  

On the left bank of the Main River in Würzburg, in the Franconia area of Bavaria, Germany, sits the well-known Marienberg Fortress. For almost 500 years, the local prince-bishops resided there, making it a symbol of Würzburg. Although the majority of the existing buildings were constructed in Renaissance and Baroque styles between the 16th and 18th centuries, it has been a fort since ancient times. The castle was rebuilt as a Baroque home following Gustavus Adolphus of the conquest of the region in 1631 by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. The stronghold was frequently used in the conflicts of the late 18th and early 19th centuries after it was no longer the residence of the Bishops of Würzburg. It was only completely reconstructed in 1990 after being badly damaged by British bombs in March 1945. It is now home to two museums. On the other side of Würzburg, the fortress is situated on a prominent spur of the 266-meter-high Marienberg, which rises roughly 100 meters above the Main River. Vineyards are located on the slopes surrounding the castle. Members of the Urnfield culture constructed a Celtic refuge castle on the site circa 1000 BC. According to archeological discoveries, the hill represented an extreme northern point on the wine trade network of the period around 500 BC, and the inhabitants of the later Hallstatt culture had commercial ties with Ancient Greece. Before the Franks conquered the region in the sixth century, the Suevi, Marcomanni, Allemanni, and Burgundians were among the various tribes that alternated possession of it after 100 AD. Under the Merovingians, Würzburg occasionally served as the residence of a Franconian-Thuringian duke. But his court was located on the right bank of Mainz. Uburzi, the hilltop fortification, was referenced in a written record from the seventh century. Only from the high medieval period onward was the name Marienberg used. After 1495, Bishop Lorenz von Bibra erected fortifications and had the stronghold restored as a Renaissance residence. #History #Architecture #Castles

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@Heritage Places, Castles & Architecture
21-Nov-2025 05 am  

The Athenians built the Athenian Treasury at Delphi to store votive offerings and dedications offered to the shrine of Apollo by their city and its residents. Parian marble is used throughout the entire treasury, including the sculptures that adorn it. Scholarly opinions on the building date vary from 510 to 480 BCE. On the route up to the sanctuary, all visitors can see the Athenian treasury, which is situated just underneath the Temple of Apollo along the Sacred route. In his description of the sanctuary, Pausanias describes the structure and asserts that it was constructed with the loot from the Battle of Marathon, which was fought against the Persians in 490 BCE. Some of the images of the metopes, which liken their victory to mythology, depict the Battle of Marathon. The Treasury made Athens one of the most powerful polis of Greece by utilizing Theseus, the founder of the city, to demonstrate the triumphs of the city. The first known large-scale sculpture of Theseus can be seen in the Athenian Treasury Metopes. Theseus had been portrayed on vase paintings before this collection, but no architectural representations have been discovered. The additional heroic figure demonstrated the growing devotion of Athenians to Theseus, even if Herakles was also portrayed in the metopes. The pairing of the two heroes served as a metaphor for the Battle of Marathon. The metopes depict identity of Athens and their perceptions of both foreign and domestic adversaries. The first Panhellenic sanctuary dedicated by Athens was the Athenian treasury. Treasuries were constructed in Delphi by a number of other city-states. The Athenian Treasury in Delphi was erected according to a conventional distyle in antis design, with two antae framing two columns. The central figures of metopes are drawn from popular Athenian mythology and depict these heroes going through their numerous hardships. The thirty metopes of the Treasury measure 67 cm in height and 62–64 cm in width. The order in which several of these metopes might have emerged is debatable, and they were discovered dispersed over the surrounding area. #History #Architecture

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@Heritage Places, Castles & Architecture
19-Nov-2025 05 am  

From 359/58 until 338 BC, Ochus, also known by his dynastic name Artaxerxes III, ruled as King of the Achaemenid Empire. His mother was Stateira, and he was the son and heir of Artaxerxes II. Artaxerxes commanded the army of his father as a satrap prior to taking the throne. Following the execution of one of his brothers, the suicide of another, the murder of the remaining, and the death of his father, Artaxerxes II, Artaxerxes came to power. Artaxerxes eliminated every member of the royal family shortly after ascending to the throne in order to maintain his position. He launched two significant campaigns against Egypt. Rebellions erupted throughout the western region of his empire after the first campaign failed. After 60 years, Nectanebo II, the Pharaoh of Egypt, was eventually defeated by Artaxerxes during the second invasion, reuniting Egypt with Persia. As influence of Philip II of Macedon grew in Greece during later years of Artaxerxes, he attempted to persuade the Greeks to overthrow the Achaemenid Empire. Artaxerxes opposed his actions, and the city of Perinthus withstood a Macedonian siege with his help. In his final years, Artaxerxes established a new palace, constructed his own tomb, and started long-term projects like the Unfinished Gate, demonstrating a revitalized building policy at Persepolis. In the past, the kings of Achaemenid Empire either adhered to Zoroaster or were greatly impacted by Zoroastrian philosophy. The cult of Anahita and Mithra was revived during the reign of Artaxerxes II, who even erected statues of his gods and invoked Ahura Mazda, Anahita, and Mithra in his architectural inscriptions. Although some of the buildings at Persepolis remained incomplete when he passed away, there is indication of a revised building policy. The Palace of Artaxerxes III and the Hall of Thirty-Two Columns, whose purpose is unknown, were two of his structures at Persepolis. Archaeologists were able to learn more about the construction of Persepolis thanks to the incomplete Army Road and Unfinished Gate, which linked the Gate of All Nations with the One-hundred Column Hall. #History #Architecture

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@Heritage Places, Castles & Architecture
26-Dec-2024 01 am  

Located in the North Yorkshire, England, parish of Skelton-on-Ure, Newby Hall is a rural home next to the River Ure. It is located 6 miles south of Topcliffe Castle, where the manor of Newby was once located, and 3 miles southeast of Ripon. The hall, which is a Grade I listed building, is encircled by vast gardens and houses a collection of paintings and furniture. The public is welcome to visit Newby Hall. Originally, the lords of Topcliffe Castle owned the manor of Newby. In the 1690s, Sir Edward Blackett, an MP for the Ripon constituency, purchased the manor of Newby from the Crosland family following the death of Sir John Crosland in 1670. Following the death of Blackett in 1718, his son Edward succeeded him, followed by his nephew Edward, who sold the estate to Richard Elcock in 1748. In 1762, it passed to William Weddell, his young son. Using the wealth of his great-uncle from the South Sea Company, William Weddell, MP for the Malton constituency, renovated and expanded the mansion in the 1760s. Several architects, notably John Carr and Robert Adam, designed the interior renovation. Collection of Roman antiquities by William Weddell, which he had brought back from Italy between 1764 and 1765, was kept in the building. As a tribute to her son, who was murdered by bandits in Greece in 1870, Lady Mary hired William Burges to construct the Church of Christ the Consoler on the property between 1871 and 1876. The Compton family, the current owners, are matrilineal relatives of William Weddell. The property has been restored. Major Edward Compton created the current version of the gardens, which feature woodland pathways and wide herbaceous borders. #History #Architecture

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@Heritage Places, Castles & Architecture
03-Oct-2024 01 am  

Marble is not readily available especially in the vicinity of Rome and was seldom ever utilized there before to Augustus, who is renowned for having claimed to have discovered brick-built Rome and left it made of marble —albeit primarily as facing for brick or concrete. The oldest extant exception in Rome is the Temple of Hercules Victor, which dates to the late 2nd century BC. Beginning with Augustus, the quarries of the capital at Carrara were heavily developed, while other sources around the empire were taken advantage of, particularly the esteemed Greek marbles such as Parian. Near Tivoli, travertine limestone was discovered and employed from the end of the Republic; it has a brick core and a good load-bearing ability. This stone is mostly used in the construction of the Colosseum. Throughout the Empire, other stones that were essentially indigenous were employed. The most significant building-interiors were frequently covered in slabs of expensive, imported colored marble with elaborate veining, which the Romans loved. These marbles have typically since been removed, even in cases where the buildings still stand. Imports from Greece for this purpose began in the 2nd century BC. #History #Architecture

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@Heritage Places, Castles & Architecture
06-May-2024 05 am  

The very well preserved Greek temple devoted to Hephaestus is the Temple of Hephaestus, and it is still almost completely intact today. Situated atop the Agoraios Kolonos hill, to the northwest of Agora of Athens, is a Doric peripteral temple. It functioned as Greek Orthodox church of Saint George Akamates from the 7th century until 1834. The history of the building for its various uses has contributed to its maintained state. Hephaestus was the deity of fire, workmanship, and metalworking. The area around the temple was dotted with metal-working and establishments of the potters, fitting for the honour of the temple. The monument known as the Theseion, or Temple of Theseus, was given this name in the present day due to the misconception that it contained the bones of the Athenian hero Theseus, who was brought upon the city from the island of Skyros by Kimon in 475 BCE. However, this was disproved when inscriptions found inside the temple strongly linked it to Hephaestus. Following the battle of Plataea, the Greeks vowed to leave their temples in ruins as a constant reminder of the conflict, rather than rebuilding the sanctuaries that the Persians had devastated during their invasion of Greece. The Athenians instead used their money to bolster their position in the Delian League and to reconstruct their economy. Upon assuming power, Pericles had a vision for turning Athens into the epicenter of Greek culture and authority. Although work on the structure began in 449 BCE, some academics estimate that it took an additional thirty years to finish because resources and labor were diverted to the Parthenon. The eastern frieze, the western pediment, and several internal building modifications are dated by these scholars to 435–430 BCE, primarily on aesthetic grounds. The western frieze finished between 445–440 BCE, over which period the statue of Athena Hephaistia had been introduced to the shrine adjacent to the cult statue of Hephaestus. Only between 421 and 415 BCE, during the Peace of Nicias, was the roof finished and the cult icons erected. A modest garden including pomegranate, myrtle and laurel trees and shrubs was grown around the temple during the 3rd century BCE. The temple would have been eventually shut down in the late Roman Empire when pagans were persecuted. #History #Architecture

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@Heritage Places, Castles & Architecture
22-Apr-2024 05 am  

Located in the historic Roman town of Pompeii, southern Italy, the Temple of Apollo, also called the Sanctuary of Apollo, is a temple devoted to the Greek and Roman God Apollo that was constructed in 120 BCE. The sanctuary was a public venue devoted to Greco-Roman religion and culture that was inspired by Roman immigrants. It is the most significant religious structure in the town and is situated in the forum, overlooking the northern side of the town. It was one of the two oldest temples constructed in Pompeii; the other was the Hercules and Minerva Temple, which stood close to the venue. Adopted from Greece, the cult of Apollo was popular throughout Campania and has been documented at Pompeii since the sixth century BCE, based on discoveries near the temple. The sanctuary was rebuilt in the second century BC, and additional work was done to fix the harm caused by the 62 earthquake, which caused much of the temple to fall apart, as well as any repairs that had not been finished at the time of the eventual eruption. These renovations are what gave the sanctuary its current form. The temple was encircled on all four sides by a broad row of Nocera tuff columns, which were initially grooved and had Ionic capitals. These columns were progressively being supplanted with stucco columns and Corinthian capitals that were painted in shades of yellow, red, and dark blue. The temple was situated in the middle of a holy enclosure. The temple itself was a peripteros with 48 Ionic columns, rising on a lofty podium and approached via a commanding flight of stairs that combined elements of Italic and Greek architecture. The cella is positioned unusually far back in relation to the peristyle. A white marble altar with a travertine base and a Latin inscription listing the names of the quattuorviri who dedicated it is still visible in front of the steps. An Ionic column on the side of the steps held a sundial and an inscription on a plaque provided by two magistrates who are also known to have given a seat and another plaque at the Triangular Forum. #History #Architecture

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