Basilica of Santi Cosma e Damiano is a titular church in Rome, Italy. The gateway to the upper level of the structure is located outside the Roman Forum, while the lower part of the building may be accessed inside the Forum and features genuine Roman buildings. The circular structure at the admission of the Forum, known as the Temple of Romulus, was likely constructed as a Roman temple in the early fourth century and may have been devoted to Valerius Romulus, the sanctified son of Emperor Maxentius. It currently houses a small archeological exhibition. Maybe the imperial forum library served as the principal structure. According to conventional wisdom, Emperor Maxentius erected the Temple in honor of his son and co-consul Valerius Romulus, who passed away in 309 and was granted celestial honors. The temple structure was likely a component of reconstruction program of astounding fervor of Maxentius, which he started after a devastating fire in 306; the project was only partially finished when he passed away. Based on the discovery of a coin dating to 307 AD that reveals the unique design of the structure and a nearby consecration to Valerius Romulus as a divinized mortal; thus the association of the temple with Valerius Romulus is provisional. There have also been speculative claims that the temple is a reconstruction of the ancient Jupiter Stator temple, or a Penates temple that Maxentius renovated. After becoming a church in 527, it has significant early Christian artwork that has been extensively repaired, particularly in its mosaics. It is currently one of the historic churches known as tituli, which the cardinals serve as cardinal-deacons. The basilica is situated in the Forum of Vespasian, sometimes referred to as the Forum of Peace, and is dedicated to the two Arabian Christian brothers, doctors, martyrs, and saints, Cosmas and Damian
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One of the most well-known and revered gods in the Hindu pantheon, Lord Ganesha is also known by the names Ganapati, Vinayaka, and Pillaiyar. He is also the Supreme God according to the Ganapatya sect. India is covered in images of him. He is worshipped by all Hindu sects, regardless of affiliation. Ganesha worship is widespread and spreads outside of India to Jains and Buddhists. Although Ganesha has various characteristics, his elephant head makes him easy to recognize. He is commonly regarded as the creator of knowledge and wisdom, the patron of the arts and sciences, and the remover of impediments. He is also considered to bring good fortune. He is honored at the beginning of rituals and ceremonies since He is the God of Beginnings. During writing sessions, Ganesha is frequently referred to as the patron of learning and the written word. Several texts include anecdotes about his birth and accomplishments. He is described in Hindu literature as the son of Parvati and Shiva in the Shivaist tradition, although he is a pan-Hindu god that can be found in all of the different traditions of the religion. Ganesha is regarded as the Supreme Being in the Ganapatya doctrine of Hinduism. The Ganesha Purana, Mudgala Purana, and Ganapati Atharvasirsha are three of the main works about Ganesha
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[Image : A 13th-century statue of Ganesha, Hoysala-style, Karnataka]
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A Middle English romance from the thirteenth century, Havelok the Dane—also known as Havelok or Lay of Havelok the Dane—is regarded as a component of the Matter of England. However, the tale has also been published in two earlier Anglo-Norman forms. Lines 37-818 of Anglo-Norman Estoire des Engleis by Geoffrey Gaimar, written in 1135–1140 A.D., first tell the tale of Havelok. After King Horn, Havelok is the second-oldest extant romance in English; it is thought to have been written between 1285 and 1310. The Bodleian Library at Oxford University has a single incomplete copy of the romance as well as several remnants. The Grimsby Public Library has a copy of the 3,001-line poem that is accessible for viewing. The Lay of Havelock the Dane, a new edition of late-19th-century translation of Walter Skeat, is now available. Due to the fact that Havelok deals with historical tales about England rather than the three typical subjects of mediaeval romance—Rome, France, and Britain—it is frequently referred to as falling within the umbrella of the so-called Matter of England. The poem is noteworthy for its dedication in law and the practice of the law, its investigation of the concept of kingship, and its in-depth portrayal of working-class life in 13th-century Lincolnshire. It has been referred to as a bourgeois romance because of the emphasis on virtue, hard labour, and fabled wisdom, but the phrase can be deceptive because these virtues are just as evident in working-class life. There is proof that the Havelok legend was well-known since, in the early thirteenth century, the town of Grimsby, which is mentioned in the tale, included three of its characters on its town seal: Havelok, Goldeboru, and Grim. By combining early English, Norman, Danish, and British influences, the tale ties local interest in the establishment of Grimsby in Lincolnshire to an interest in the complicated national identity of England in the Middle Ages. The town seal of Grimsby still features the names Grim, Havelok, and Goldborow [Information and Image Credit : Havelok_the_Dane, Wikipedia] [Wikipedia-Link : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelok_the_Dane ] [Image: Grim the fisherman and his wife can be seen in a 1905 illustration seeing Havelok shining while he sleeps] [The work (Image) is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the life of author plus 70 years or fewer. The work (Image) is believed to be in Public Domain in the United States as well. (Please Relate to Individual Image URL for More Usage Property)] [Wikipedia Source Image URL : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Havelok_is_discovered.png ]
Roman Goddess Minerva is the patroness of the arts, commerce, and strategy as well as the giver of knowledge, justice, victory and the law. Unlike Mars, who is a patron of violence, Minerva is a supporter of calculated conflict. She was compared to the Greek goddess Athena by the Romans beginning in the second century BCE. Along with Jupiter and Juno, Minerva is one of the three Roman divinities that make up the Capitoline Triad. She was the virgin Goddess of weaving, crafts, music, poetry, medicine, and knowledge. She is typically seen with her sacred animal, an owl known as the Owl of Minerva, which represents her link with knowledge and wisdom. Occasionally, however, she is also pictured with the snake and the olive tree. Typical representations of Minerva include her being tall, having an athletic build, and wielding a spear in addition to donning armour. She is greatly recognized, venerated, and revered as the foremost Roman deity. According to the Greek tales surrounding Athena, she was born of Metis, who had been ingested by Jupiter, and emerged fully armed and armoured from the head of her father. The titaness Metis attempted to turn into another form in order to get away from Jupiter after they had intercourse. Then, Jupiter recalled the prophecy that stated his own kid would usurp him, just as he had Saturn and Caelus before him. Jupiter swallowed Metis whole after deceiving her into transforming into a fly out of fear that their kid would be male, would grow stronger than he was, and would govern the Heavens in his place. According to certain versions of the narrative, wisdom of Metis survived in a place where he still resided—i.e. mind of Jupiter. Others contend that she served only as a birthing vessel for Minerva. Jupiter was in excruciating pain because of the continuous ringing and thumping. After Vulcan split the head of Jupiter in to two with a hammer to ease the pain, Minerva emerged from the cleft, whole, as an adult and wearing full combat gear
[Information and Image Credit : Minerva, Wikipedia;
Wikipedia-Link : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva ; ]
[Image: Painting of Minerva paying visit to the Muses]
[The Work (Image) is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. The author died in 1642, so this work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the life of author plus 100 years or fewer. The Work (Image) is believed to be in Public Domain in the United States as well] #Mythology
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The Unconquered Sun, also known as Sol Invictus or Helios, was long regarded as the recognised sun deity of the later Roman Empire. According to the conventional wisdom, Rome had two completely distinct sun gods, the second being Sol Invictus. Sol Indiges, also known as Sol, was the first of them; he was a lesser early Roman deity whose religion had died out by the first century AD. On the other side, Elagabalus unsuccessfully attempted to spread the religion of the Sun God Sol Invictus in Rome. The Roman emperor Aurelian did succeed in declaring the cult of Sol Invictus a state religion among the other Roman cults some fifty years later, on December 25, AD 274. According to the revisionist theory, however, Rome had only one Sun God worship that persisted from the kingship to the end of antiquity. Sol was the name of the Roman deity in question. In Rome, there were at least three Sun-related temples, all of which were from the earlier Republic and were still in use during the Empire. As a result, the academic world on Sol has recently split into two groups: traditionalists and an increasing number of revisionists. Numerous Roman gods, including Jupiter, Mars, Hercules, Apollo, and Silvanus, were given the title – Invictus or Invincible - Since the third century BC, it had been in use. The Roman religion of Sol has also persisted since the earliest records of the city. Sol was regarded as being of the utmost importance during the reign of Emperor Aurelian to Constantine I. The last mention of Sol Invictus in writing is from AD 387, and there were still enough followers of the religion till the fifth century. [Information and Image Credit : Sol_Invictus, Wikipedia] [Image : Mosaic in the Beth Alpha synagogue, featuring the Sun and the twelve zodiac constellations around it.] [The Work (Image) is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. The work (Image) is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the life of Author plus 100 years or fewer. The Work (Image) is in Public Domain in the United States as well.] (Please Relate to Individual Image URLs for More Usage Property)] [Original Source Image-Link : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beit_alfa01.jpg ]
Fionn mac Cumhaill, who is frequently anglicised as Finn McCool or MacCool, is a mythical protagonist from Scottish and Manx tradition as well as Irish mythology. In addition to being a poet and seer, he is the head of the Fianna bands of young travelling hunters and combatants. He is rumoured to possess a magical thumb that grants him vast wisdom. He is frequently seen using his spear and sword while hunting with his hounds Bran and Sceólang. The Fianna Cycle or Fenian Cycle (an Fhiannaíocht), which is largely recounted by son of Fionn, the poet Oisín, is made up of the stories of Fionn and his fiann. White, dazzling, glossy; fair, handsome, light-colored (regarding skin-complexion, hair, etc.) and judicious in morality etc. are all definitions of finn/find in Old Irish. The story The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn and other sources both detail birth of Fionn and early exploits. It is said that Cumhall, the head of the Fianna, had a posthumous son named Finn by Muirne. The Fianna were a group of combatants also known as a military order made up primarily of people from two competing clans —Clan Bascna (both Finn and Cumall belonged to it) and Clan Morna (to which Goll mac Morna was part of). The Fenians were tasked with protecting Ireland from foreign invaders and serving the High King. Goll mac Morna succeeded Cumall as the head of the Fianna after his downfall, serving in that capacity for ten years. It is widely held in the region that Fionn grabbed the Salmon of Knowledge in the River Slate, which flows through Ballyteague, when he first caught it. Fionn was an avid hunter and frequently went hunting with Na Fianna on the hill of Allen in County Kildare. At the age of Ten, Fionn accomplished a number of feats, one of which was the killing of Áillen, a fire-breathing member of the Tuatha Dé Danann who had been coming to Tara, the capital of Ireland, every Samhain festival for the previous twenty three years, soothing the men of the citadel to sleep with his music before destroying the city and its treasures. Following victory of Fionn over Áillen and successful rescue of Tara, his ancestry was acknowledged and he was appointed commander of the Fianna. [Information and Image Credit : Fionn_mac_Cumhaill , Wikipedia] [Image 1: Fionn mac Cumhaill encounters the old friends of His Father in the Connacht forests ; 2: Illustrations by Stephen Reid of Fionn battling Aillen by Beatrice Elvery in Heroes of the Dawn by Violet Russel (1914)] [Image 1: Availed Under faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art where the work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the life of author plus 70 years or fewer. The Work is also in Public Domain in the United States. Image 2: Availed Under No known copyright restrictions and the image was originally posted to Flickr by Internet Archive Book Images] [Please Relate to Individual Image URLs for More Usage Property] [Source Image URLs : 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finn_Mccool_Comes_to_Aid_the_Fianna.png 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heroes_of_the_dawn_(1914)_(14750481494).jpg ] #Mythology
Children of the Sun ::-- ‘Om Suryaye Namaha‘ -- is the mantra dedicated to the Sun God – Surya (Surya-deva) in Hindu Religion. The worship of Sun as one of the most divine symbol of power was quite naturally the most popular commonality among the Indo-European races. Surya is glorified in the ancient Indian Vedas as an all-seeing god who observes both good and evil acts. It drives away not only darkness, but also bad dreams and illnesses. Sun heroes and sun kings also occupy a central position in Indian mythology, where Vivasvant, the father of Yama, corresponds to the Iranian Vivahvant, the father of Yima. According to the Vedas, he is one of 33 sons of Goddess Aditi and is also known as Aditya. Surya, the sun, is a symbol of immeasurable light and wisdom. Solar dynasty or the Ikshvaku dynasty, also known as Sūryavaṃśa ("Solar dynasty" or "Descendants of the Sun") is a legendary Indian princely dynasty and comprises one of the main lineages of the Kshatriya Varna in India, founded by the legendary king Ikshvaku. According to Buddhist texts and tradition, even Gautama Buddha descended from this dynasty. The Buddhist text, Buddhavamsa and Mahavamsa (II, 1–24) traces the origin of the Shakyas to king Okkaka (Pali equivalent to Sanskrit Ikshvaku) and gives their genealogy from Mahasammata, an ancestor of Okkaka. Similarly in medieval Iran, Sun festivals were celebrated as a continuous tradition from ancient times. The characteristics of Indo-European sun worship are similar and has Solar-Deity drawn generally by four white horses on a carriage and similarly repeated in Indo-Iranian, Greek-Roman, and Scandinavian myths! Later in Roman history, the worship of the sun became more important and eventually became “Solar Monotheism”. [Info Credit: Solar_dynasty, Wikipedia] [Info-Credit: sun-worship , Britannica][Image Right: Credit Molee Art]
Kupala Night (also known as Ivana-Kupala) is a traditional holiday in Slavic folk calendar, which was actually celebrated on the shortest night of the Year and falls on 21-22 or 23-24 of June in Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia and on 6-7th July in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine (i.e. in Eastern Slavic Countries according to Julian Calendar). It is an opposite holiday calendar-wise with regard to the winter-festival Koliada. The Kupala holiday was originally a native fertility rite, which was later reestablished being intertwined with local folklore. The vast rituals of this holiday is connected with function of water in fertility and ritualistic purification, in continuation of ancient Kupala rites. Young population on this day jump over the raging flames of bonfire as a ritualistic test of faith and courage. Girls may float flower garlands (sometimes lit with candles) down rivers in an effort to predict the future of their romantic relationships based on the patterns of the flow of the flowers in the water. In an effort to pique the interest of the woman who floated the wreath, men would often try to seize it. There is a legend regarding the Kupala festival that ferns only blossom on the eve of Ivan Kupala. Whoever finds a fern flower obtains wealth, luck, wisdom, and power. As a result, on that night, residents of the village prowl the forests in quest of enchanted plants and, in particular, the elusive fern flower. Unmarried ladies are typically the first to enter the forest; this is indicated by the garlands in their hair. Young males are next to follow them. As a result, the search for herbs and the fern flower may cause relationships between partners in the forest to blossom. [Info and Image Credit: Kupala_Night, Wikipedia] [Image: Simon Kozhin. Kupala Night, Divination on the Wreaths] [Image Availed Under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported (Please Relate to Individual Image URLs for More Usage Property)] [Source Image URL: https://bit.ly/3DfKqL2 ]
Gamayun and Sirin :: Gamayun is a symbolic, mythical bird of knowledge and wisdom and is described as a prophetic bird in Russian folk-stories, while living in the mysterious East near the Elysium. Description of Gamayun is that of large Bird with a woman’s Head and is cognizant of knowledge like all creation, Gods, Heroes and is the vessel of Prophecies. She has been mentioned to fly with just help of her tail and is even without legs and wings. Similarly in Russian folklores, Sirin is described to have body of a bird i.e. of an owl in particular and the Head of a beautiful woman. Melodious songs are sang by Her to soothe saints and to prophesize future happiness. Her introduction in Russian folklores might have been from Persian culture or as well as from Byzantine Empire. [Images (Left) : Gamayun Depicted by Viktor Vasnetsov; (Right) Sirin from Lubok, 18th CE;] [Info and Image Credit: Gamayun , Sirin, Wikipedia; Images availed under Public Domain Work of Art; Source Image-URLs :-
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gamaun.jpg
2. https://bit.ly/3zVlk0D ]
Simurgh (known as a Dog-Bird) is a giant winged creature with a dog's head, peacock's body, and lion's claws, sometimes depicted with a human face. Simurgh, who lived high in the Alborz Mountains, existed for 1700 years and then rushed into the fire of his own creation and died, but only revived (like the later Phoenix). Simurgh is believed to have great wisdom and is prominent in the story of the hero Zal – whom she raised – and the birth of his son Rustum, the greatest hero of Persia. She taught Zal how to have a difficult childbirth with a Caesarean section and also taught him healing herbs. In early mythology, she is known as Saena, the Great Hawk. She perches on the upper branches of all seed trees and, by flapping her wings, sends seeds flying to the ground and around the world, into the Earth. Huma bird is a later version of Simurgh, said to fly forever over Earth without landing. When its shadow hits a person, that person will be blessed and happy throughout his life. Huma is responsible for the justification of the royal power, and its image was most important in Persepolis, the epic ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, founded by Darius the Great (522-486 BCE). Huma was considered to be the most sacred of the birds and to hurt or even trying to hurt her caused great misfortune. But if anyone saw or thought they saw a bird flying overhead, it was a great blessing. Eventually, Huma intended to symbolize the notion of promotion and enlightenment. Like Simurgh and later Phoenix, Huma was intended to live a very long life, die of its own flames, and give birth to itself. (Info-Credit: Simurgh and Huma Bird , www. worldhistory. org ) [image 1: Zal and the Simurgh 2. Griffin-like capital statuary, from about 500 BC Persepolis, Iran. The figures on these columns are popularly considered to be representations of the Huma bird. (Source: Wiki)]
Children of the Sun ::-- ‘Om Suryaye Namaha‘ -- is the mantra dedicated to the Sun God – Surya (Surya-deva) in Hindu Religion. The worship of Sun as one of the most divine symbol of power was quite naturally the most popular commonality among the Indo-European races. Surya is glorified in the ancient Indian Vedas as an all-seeing god who observes both good and evil acts. It drives away not only darkness, but also bad dreams and illnesses. Sun heroes and sun kings also occupy a central position in Indian mythology, where Vivasvant, the father of Yama, corresponds to the Iranian Vivahvant, the father of Yima. According to the Vedas, he is one of 33 sons of Goddess Aditi and is also known as Aditya. Surya, the sun, is a symbol of immeasurable light and wisdom. Solar dynasty or the Ikshvaku dynasty, also known as Sūryavaṃśa ("Solar dynasty" or "Descendants of the Sun") is a legendary Indian princely dynasty and comprises one of the main lineages of the Kshatriya Varna in India, founded by the legendary king Ikshvaku. According to Buddhist texts and tradition, even Gautama Buddha descended from this dynasty. The Buddhist text, Buddhavamsa and Mahavamsa (II, 1–24) traces the origin of the Shakyas to king Okkaka (Pali equivalent to Sanskrit Ikshvaku) and gives their genealogy from Mahasammata, an ancestor of Okkaka. Similarly in medieval Iran, Sun festivals were celebrated as a continuous tradition from ancient times. The characteristics of Indo-European sun worship are similar and has Solar-Deity drawn generally by four white horses on a carriage and similarly repeated in Indo-Iranian, Greek-Roman, and Scandinavian myths! Later in Roman history, the worship of the sun became more important and eventually became “Solar Monotheism”. The feast of Sol Invictus (the Unconquered Sun) was cherished with much celebrations and later got appropriated by other religious traditions. (Credit: Solar_dynasty, Wiki)(Credit: sun-worship , Britannica)
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